sd_drawingIt is with great consideration that we give the recommendation to regulate instead of criminalizing Salvia divinorum.

This would not only be sensible and cost-effective, but would generate tax revenues and allow our already thinly stretched Law Enforcement and Judicial Agencies to concentrate on combating drugs that have actually been proven to be very harmful (Meth, Crack, Heroine, Cocaine, etc).   Online public opinion polls have also shown that more than 75% of citizens oppose the scheduling of Salvia divinorum, supporting instead to regulate it.

I have included a short executive summary that dispels the grossly inaccurate information used to pass several bills in other states.  I also have detailed the medicinal properties, effects of criminalization, and the solution of regulating and taxing Salvia divinorum.

Salvia divinorum has been available in the US for over 40 years, and used by millions of Americans.  This, in and of itself, is a testament to the amazing safety of this medicinal plant.  Many scientific studies have also shown Salvia divinorum to be a remarkably safe herb with incredible medicinal uses and a very low potential for abuse or dependence. 

According to a survey of Law Enforcement Agencies, Hospitals, Colleges, Universities, and Rehab Clinics across the United States, in that time, there have been ZERO incidents of Salvia divinorum being directly related to any:

  • Crimes
  • Addictions
  • Overdoses

 
  • Accidents
  • Injuries
  • Deaths

 

Salvia divinorum has been SCIENTIFICALLY proven to:

  • sd_brain_imageBe Completely ANTI-ADDICTIVE.
  • Be Completely NON-TOXIC.
  • Be short-acting with no negative long-term effects.
  • Be non-euphoric, with higher dose effects being similar to taking a short nap and dreaming.
  • Be an effective tool for psychotherapy due to its ability to enhance self-awareness.
  • Be incredibly safer than alcohol, tobacco, or even marijuana.
  • Be an effective natural medicinal herb.

 

Studies have shown Salvia divinorum may effectively treat:

  • Severe Depression (long-term persistent relief)
  • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • Drug addictions (crack, cocaine, meth, heroine)
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Anxiety Disorder
  • Schizophrenia
  • Chronic Pain
  • Arthritis

 
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Stomach Disorders
  • Sleep Disorders
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • ADD / ADHD
  • Alzheimer’s
  • HIV / AIDS
  • Cancer

The criminalization of Salvia divinorum will:

  • Cost states millions upon millions per year in enforcement, prosecution and imprisonment.
  • Break up and destroy otherwise healthy families through prosecution and imprisonment.
  • Punish children for making a 'mistake' by tarnishing their records.
  • Cause college students to lose financial aid as a result of a “drug” conviction.
  • m_13mw_A1_plant_0513Prevent sick patients from obtaining organ transplants by branding them as a “drug” abuser.
  • Contribute to the already growing problem of prison overcrowding.
  • Put our trust and the well-being of our children into the hands of drug dealers.
  • Infringe upon the religious freedoms and rights of those who consider Salvia divinorum a divine sacrament.
  • Violate the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) established by the Supreme Court Case #04-1084
  • Criminalize thousands of gardeners, forcing them to uproot their plants.
  • Criminalize therapists who are successfully utilizing Salvia divinorum psychotherapeutically in their practices.
  • Punish nonviolent medicinal users of Salvia divinorum.
  • Promote unregulated, even unsafe use.
  • Encourage a large black market.

The regulation of Salvia divinorum would:

  • Protect our children by using the same guidelines currently used for Tobacco and Alcohol sales.
  • Promote proper labeling of the product that would protect people more effectively than jails or prisons.
  • Promote responsible adult use by criminalizing the sale to minors, effectively protecting our children.
  • Prevent irresponsible adult use by utilizing current DWI/DUI, and public intoxication and endangerment laws.
  • Be modeled off of the state of Maine which has successfully regulated Salvia divinorum.
  • Implement the recommendations of studies that proved regulation is far more effective than criminalizing.
  • Allow gardeners to continue utilizing Salvia divinorum as a decorative garden hedge.
  • Utilize already established businesses to guard Salvia divinorum from our children via carding.
  • Free up our Law Enforcement Officers to target drugs proven dangerous (Meth, Crack, Cocaine, Heroine).
  • Allow psychotherapists to continue treating their patients with Salvia divinorum under their supervised care.
  • Accommodate the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) by allowing the religious use of Salvia divinorum.
  • Effectively address the problem at hand, preventing children from having easy access to Salvia divinorum.
  • Generate healthy amounts of tax revenues.

sd_flowerScheduling is intended for substances that have a high potential for abuse, a lack of accepted safety, and no currently accepted medical use. Scientifically speaking, Salvia divinorum does not meet any of these criteria and is an excellent candidate for regulation rather than criminalization.

In Summary, I recommend, as a citizen working for the public good, and also as an active voter concerned about the erosion of personal liberties in America, that you not criminalize Salvia divinorum. I wholeheartedly agree with the state of Maine: "Selling or providing Salvia divinorum or salvinorin-A to anyone under the age of 18 would be a criminal offense. Possession by a minor would be a civil violation, punishable by a fine, community service, or both".

We are not against laws being passed in respect to the regulation of this plant. We just wished to convey the most complete set of facts with which to make the best laws with.

 

MEDICAL & MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
oaxaca_state_mapThe genus name Salvia is derived from the Latin salvare, meaning “to heal” or “to save.” The words salvation and savior also come from this same root. Salvia divinorum is endemic to the Mazatec Sierra of central Mexico, where it has a long history of medicinal use. It is used both for its psychoactive properties and as an effective treatment for arthritis, headache, and eliminatory complaints. The validity of each of these different applications is well supported by recent pharmacological findings.

To summarize recent findings: Salvinorin A is a unique and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist, and as such, it has tremendous potential for the development of a wide variety of valuable medications. The most promising of these include safe non-addictive analgesics, antidepressants, short-acting anesthetics that do not depress respiration, and drugs to treat disorders characterized by alterations in perception, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, chronic depression, and bipolar disorder (Roth et al., 2002).

Kappa-opioid receptor agonists are of particular interest to pharmacologists because they provide effective pain medications that are not habit forming and do not produce dependence. In fact, there is a growing body of evidence that indicates that kappa-opioid receptor agonists are actually “aversive”—the opposite of addictive. There are numerous case reports in which people testify to the effectiveness of this herb for managing pain. The ability of salvinorin A to block perception of pain also suggests that it proves quite useful as a general anesthetic. The fact that it does not depress respiration indicates that salvinorin A could be much safer than most general anesthetics currently in use. The traditional Mazatec use of Salvia divinorum to treat headaches and arthritis also attests to its efficacy as an analgesic.

Dr. Karl Hanes published a case report in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, in which he describes a patient that obtained relief from chronic depression by using Salvia divinorum (Hanes, 2001). Many accounts can be found online of people who have recovered from serious, life-threatening depression with the help of this herb. It is especially interesting that these people are able to obtain persistent relief from their depression after only a few treatments. Quite unlike the continuous medication regime required with conventional antidepressants such as Prozac—which in most cases only offer symptomatic relief from depression—Salvia divinorum often produces long-lasting clinical improvement.
salvinorin_a
Because salvinorin A alters various perceptual modalities by acting on kappa-opioid receptors, it is clear that these receptors play a prominent role in the modulation of human perception. This suggests the possibility that novel psychotherapeutic compounds derived from salvinorin A would be useful for treating diseases manifested by perceptual distortions (e.g. schizophrenia, dementia, and bipolar disorders). This is a promising area of research that is important to pursue further.

Salvia divinorum has several properties that make it useful in psychotherapy: it produces a state of profound self-reflection, it improves one’s ability to retrieve childhood memories, and it provides access to areas of the psyche that are ordinarily difficult to reach. There are many psychotherapists who have used this herb in their practice and are impressed with its effectiveness as a psychotherapeutic tool. It has even been used to successfully treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This is not new—the Mazatecs have long used Salvia divinorum to treat psychological complaints.

There are many popular misconceptions about Salvia divinorum. Many of these misconceptions have their origin in a few sensationalistic articles that have appeared in the popular press, and others derive from the absurd advertising claims of unethical herb vendors who deliberately exaggerate the effects of Salvia divinorum in an effort to increase sales.

The fact is that the effects of Salvia divinorum are not appealing to recreational drug users. The majority of people who try it find that they do not enjoy its effects and do not continue using it. People who use it medicinally take it infrequently. It is not euphoric or stimulating. It is not a social drug. Since it increases self-awareness, it is useless as an escapist drug. It is most useful as a natural medicinal herb.

Salvia divinorum is not addictive or habit forming. Its mechanism of action indicates that it is actually anti-addictive. Many people have reported that Salvia divinorum helped them to overcome substance abuse problems. This has included, but is not limited to, addictions of alcohol, caffeine, crack, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, nicotine, and XTC.

SacredHealingCULTURAL & RELIGIOUS PROTECTIONS

Salvia is primarily used as a sacrament for spiritual ceremonies by the Mazatec peoples of Mexico and for other remedies. Hispanic women routinely use the leaves in a tea to help rid menstrual cramps, many also chew leaves to aid in pain relief or to act as a analgesic. Hispanic mothers have also been known to make a mild, highly effective, elixir for their children to help with colic and minor infections. Hispanics and people of Mexican descent have been using salvia for generations and this plant has been, and still is, a major part of Mexican culture.

There are also religious organizations within the United States which utilize Salvia Divinorum as a literal divine sacrament. They believe it is a plant that was put here, by God, to not only further spiritual enlightenment but to heal our minds, body and souls. It is the foundational basis of their beliefs and is crucially essential to the pursuits of the religion. Adult members utilize Salvia divinorum medicinally and also ritually as a divine spiritual sacrament that is approached with sincere reverence and protection. The act of cultivation is also a major part of this ritual for most followers. Many of these practices and beliefs are several hundred years old, derived from Mazatec spiritual practices.

In February 2006, a small church in New Mexico (UDV) won a Supreme Court case upholding the use of certain other illegal plants as religious sacraments (Case #04-1084). On March 18, 2009, a U.S. District Court judge, Owen Panner, found that the U.S. Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) protected another church, the Santo Daime's, use of an illegal plant as part of their sincere religious practices. The Judge stated:

"Plaintiffs have established their prima facie claim by more than a preponderance of the evidence. Plaintiffs have established that they are sincere in their religious beliefs, and that the ceremonial use of the Daime tea is essential to their religion. It is obvious that prohibiting the use of Daime tea would substantially burden the exercise of plaintiffs' religion. The government has failed to show that outright prohibition of the Daime tea is the least restrictive means of furthering its interests. Plaintiffs are entitled to relief under RFRA. Judgment will be entered for plaintiffs in accordance with this opinion."

Under these cases, sacred plants such as Salvia divinorum, which is partaken in religious ceremonies as a tea, chewed, or smoked, is given guaranteed protection under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) which specifically prevents interference and restriction of these religious practices.

GENERAL SAFETY

Salvia divinorum is completely non-toxic. Toxicological studies have been performed by Dr. Leander Valdés at the University of Michigan, Jeremy Stewart at the University of Mississippi, Dr. Frank Jaksch of Chromadex Inc., and Wayne Briner of the University of Kansas. Neither Salvia divinorum nor salvinorin A showed toxicity in any of these studies. There is a vast body of empirical evidence that indicates Salvia divinorum is a remarkably safe herb. Indeed, the Mazatecs, who have used S. divinorum for hundreds of years, do not attribute any toxic properties to this plant.

Even after over 40 years of scrutiny the plant is still considered harmless. It has no lingering effects like a hangover, and no one, the DEA included, has heard of a person overdosing or experiencing long-term consequences. Calls to law enforcement agencies, hospitals, rehab clinics, colleges and universities across the United States, failed to reveal Salvia divinorum as a problem or a direct contributor to any addictions, conditions, accidents, injuries, crimes, or deaths. In short, Salvia divinorum is not, and will not be, a danger to anyone.

CONCLUSIONS

Salvia divinorum is a relatively obscure medicinal herb with no significant abuse potential. It does not present a risk to public health or safety. Criminalizing it would only serve to create a problem where one did not previously exist. The regulation of herbal medicines is a matter handled by the FDA, not the Controlled Substances Act. There is no reasonable justification for making Salvia divinorum a controlled substance. Placing it in schedule I would deprive people of a safe and useful natural medicinal herb, hamper promising medical research, and deprive people of their religious freedoms.

American_Flag_2There are also already many laws currently in place that can, and should, be enforced against 'reckless salvia users' that would address the issues of concern and not punish responsible users. This includes, but is not limited to, laws that prohibit public endangerment, public intoxication, reckless driving, and driving under the influence. A more sensible approach would be to regulate Salvia divinorum similar to alcohol or tobacco, moving towards regulating it to individuals 18 years of age or older, making selling or providing it to anyone under the age of 18 a criminal offense with possession by a minor being a civil violation. This would even generate tax revenue during a time when funds are lean and will also save money from the costs of enforcement and legal defense funds. Imprisoned citizens are expensive and deprive states of tax dollars. This is especially true with the costs of housing prisoners on the rise.

Many well meaning bills are based on inaccurate information about Salvia divinorum. Scheduling is intended for substances that have a high potential for abuse, a lack of accepted safety, and no currently accepted medical use. Salvia divinorum does not meet any of these criteria.

SALVIA DIVINORUM REPORTS

The user experiences quoted are unverified hearsay, anecdotal and may not represent typical results.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. SalviaTruth.com or Salvia divinorum is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Disclaimer: Do not take Salvia divinorum as a substitute for medical treatment. Always follow the advice of your personal physician.

Salvia divinorum has not been approved for human consumption and is not recommended for personal medicinal use.
The user experiences presented are documented as a reference for research purposes only and are not endorsed.

"I was an extremely depressed, hardened drug user that was addicted to crack, meth, and heroine for most of my adult life. I saw no way out of the darkness and literally began researching treatment centers and other ways to cure my addictions. I ran across SalviaTruth and saw that salvia divinorum could possibly cure my depression and addictions. It has now been 5 months since I partook of salvia, several times, over the course of a couple weeks, and since then I have been cured! I have not even had even one craving to smoke crack, meth, heroine or to even drink alcohol! My depression is gone and I am back on my feet, getting my life in order. Salvia divinroum literally changed my life as it has freed me from the hunger of my addictions!" - Miguel R., Chicago, IL

"Salvia got me off of dozens of anti-anxiety and depression medications -- it cured me!!! Thank God I found this site, you are doing a service to all those who suffer!" - Tammy P., Austin, TX

"My brother was a meth addict for many years and even went to treatment programs without success and relapsed. I found your site and suggested he try smoking Salvia, and he did. The change was almost instantaneous and he has been clean since May 2008!" - Richard T., Pensacola, FL

"I was addicted to crack and salvia got me clean and i thank u for ur site. god bless" - Jerome L., Huntsville, AL

"I am a third generation alcoholic in my family, starting to drink when I was only 11 years old and I am now 47. I had tried going to AA without much success and figured that I would always be a slave to drinking. I ran across your site and decided to try Salvia divinorum and it has now been 3 months and I have not had the urge to drink alcohol!!! This is literally a miracle! Thank you THANK YOU THANK YOU!!!!!!" - Jeremy T., St. Paul, MN

"I had anxiety, bipolar disorder, and depression and was taking tons of pills every day. I found your site while searching for natural cures for depression and decided to give Salvia try. Over the course of 2 months I was able to get off nearly all of my meds. It has now been nearly a year and I am anxiety and depression free! i also rarely have attacks from my bipolar disorder. It worked for me!!" Sarah A., Wichita, KS

"I am of Hispanic descent and have been exposed to Salvia divinorum since I was a child. It is a well known natural cure to many in the mexican/hispanic communities and I remember when I was younger my mother used it to treat stomach aches, diarrhea, and other pains. It worked wonders. I was taught to hold this plant sacred and to respect it and look foward to passing down this tradition. Thank you for providing such a wonderfully fact filled site to help others understand this gift from God." - Javier R., New Mexico

"I have been depressed all my life with medicines and therapy doing little to fix it. Salvia cured me of my depression many years ago and now I only have to take salvia once or twice a year to maintain this dramatic change. This is a stark contrast to the dozens of pills I had to take every week prescribed by my doctor that did very little. just thought id let you know." - Ronald V., Atlanta, GA

"Salvia divinorum is a natural cure for addiction and depression and anxiety and even OCD! I had them all and now I don't cause of Salvia! I can't believe that so many states have made such a harmless plant illegal especially when it has so many possiblities and cures so much! I hope they see your site and realize that they need to regulate this plant instead of putting people in jail for it!" - Jason E., Mobile, AL

"Salvia Divinorum cured me of my ADHD, OCD, Anxiety and Severe depression. All of which was not alleviated by common pharmaceutical prescriptions. I was able to finish school and hold down a job to take care of my family due to Salvia Divinorum, of which I use several times per year, as that is all that is required to maintain my near 100% cure. Can't say the same for Zoloft, Prozac, and the numerous other meds I was on that literally made me worse." - Marcus J., Bismark, ND

"My son Greg died in prison due to his drug addictions and our society's lack of compassion for addicts like him. It is our legislators who are directly responsible for his death and now all over the US there are representatives trying to make Salvia divinorum illegal for no reason other than it can make you hallucinate. It has been proven that salvia can cure addictions and other mental disorders yet they dont care. If i had known about salvia while my son was still alive he would probably be here to this day. I blame our self-righteous legislators for his death and with them trying to make salvia illegal they will have the blood of many more on their hands." Dwayne H., Biloxi, MS

"I tried Salvia for its ability to calm the mind and alleviate depression and anxiety. It has since led me to open myself up to a deeper spirituality and due to this I have gone from being angry at the world and hating people to being loving and compassionate. My life is forever changed and I am thankful for Salvia. Thank you for your site and spreading the word. Peace!" - Todd P., Detroit, MI

"I am a scientist at a very large, well-known research school and due to the stigma of drugs I will remain anonymous. I will tell you that the properties exhibited by Salvia divinorum and it's interaction with various kappa receptors in the brain give it such potential. Research has proven that it is as you say, completely safe with many positive applications. I personally believe that the recent surge in attempts to criminalize this amazing plant is being led by pharmaceutical institutions and the fact that this natural, low cost herb is far more effective than expensive synthetic medicines. With more indepth research, we will be able to use this plant to create treatments that could literally wipe drug addiction, anxiety, depression, PTSD, OCD, and numerous other afflications from the face of the earth. Keep up the good fight and remember that there are many out there that support you!" - Anonymous

"I was deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq multiple times, and saw a lot of things that forever changed my life. Upon my return from my last duty I was diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. I lost interest in life, felt detached, and was unable to even emotionally bond with my wife or children. I felt like I was the shell of the man I use to be. I began to drink heavily and grew distant from my family. My wife stood by me through it all but eventually grew tired and gave me an ultimatum to get help. I went to therapists, counselors and numerous doctors over the years with little to no results. We grew desperate and through research I ran across your website and saw that PTSD could be treated with a natural plant. I found it at my local cigar shop and tried very little doses over the course of a week. The changes were dramatic! Soon after, my wife had tears in her eyes one evening, as she said it was the first time she had seen me smile in so many years. I continue to take small amounts of Salvia and it seems to be the most effective treatment available. It helped me address a lot of issues from my deployments, and I was able to find closure. Needless to say I am moving on with my life and it is all thanks to finding your website. My wife and I thank you from the bottom of our hearts!" - Samuel K., Salt Lake City, UT

"I suffered from severe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) where I was uanble to work and was trapped in rituals, sleep deprived, and unable to function in life or even have a relationship or friends... Medicines I was perscribed did little to help and had a lot of very bad side effects. I searched for natural alternatives and found your site and how it can help with OCD. I bought some and tried it and after the first time I could feel how clear my mind was. I used it over the course of weeks and my symptoms have nearly vanished. I still have a little OCD but small doses taken weekly of salvia seem to have changed my life. I no longer take the doctors medicines and am only taking salvia. I have sinced gotten a job and even met new people. These past 8 months have been like heaven and I thank god everyday for letting me find the info on your site. thanks!" - Katrina R., Aurora, CO

"ADHD has been a part of my life since I was a small kid and I have always been on medicination to control it. The side effects were horrible and made my life a living hell but there were no alternatives. While trying to find information on any new treatments or drugs for ADHD I found your site and I had never heard of salvia before. It showed that it has been proven to treat ADD or ADHD and I was sold! I have to say that it has been nearly a year and I am off my meds and my mind has never been so clear! I can't believe how a natural plant can be so effective! Thank you for spreading the word which made me stumble upon your site!" - Victor M., Raleigh, NC

"I was diagnosed with cancer, and had gone through all the chemo, radiation treatments, and the ups and down of the various tests. The cancer was gradually getting worse and I was taking all the vitamins, natural cures, plants ,and herbs I could find that were recommended by homeopathic specialists. I had never heard of salvia divinorum before but tried it thanks for your site. I am happy to report my doctor says that my cancer appears to be in remission! I can't say if it was due to salvia or not, but it is quite the coincidence!" - Catheryn W., Tucson, AZ

"My grandmother is nearly 70 years old and began suffering from alzheimers a couple years ago. It has gradually gotten worse and the treatments were not working. This is a destructive disease that robs from you all the memories you have built up over a lifetime. It was devastating to see everyone she knew and I loved turn into strangers. I researched the disease and eventually found SalviaTruth which mentioned how salvia divinorum can be used to treat alzheimers. I figured it was worth a shot and went about making a tea for my grandmother using the salvia leaves. It was hard for her to drink and over time I tweaked to recipe to sweeten it, adding honey and even mixing it with her other flavored teas. We noticed that her symptoms lessened and she had fewer attacks and overall there was a noticeable improvement. I really think that salvia was the contributing factor in this. I wanted to just let you know and feel free to share this story with others. Thank you!" - Thomas D., Plano, TX

"When I was very young I was sexually molested and a victim of rape by someone that was close to me. I spent years going to therapists, seeing counselors and even taking medication to treat the stress, anxiety, and depression that stemmed from those horrofic experiences. I was lucky enough to have a friend who referred me to a therapist that used various natural and herbal cures. During one session I was given a very small amount of Salvia divinorum and then he used hypnosis to help me find and address the root of my issues. Salvia unlocked memories that were long forgotten and helped me find closure to the traumatic things that happend to me. Since those sessions I am free from anxiety and depression. I am no longer taking medicines for those problems. Salvia has given me a new lease on life." - Kristine W., San Francisco, CA

If you have anything you would like to share, please email us at:

The views expressed are opinions only with the information presented being "AS IS" with no warranties expressed or implied.

 

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_divinorum

Further research
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_divinorum

Articles from Scientific Journals and Other Publications
All the resources cited below are to be found at:
http://www.sagewisdom.org

  • Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A: New Pharmacologic Findings.
    by Daniel Siebert. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 43: 53–56 (1994).
  • Localization of Salvinorin A and Related Compounds in Glandular Trichomes of the Psychoactive Sage, Salvia divinorum.
    by Daniel Siebert. Annals of Botany 93(6): 763–771 (2004).
  • High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantification of Salvinorin A from Tissues of Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva-M.
    by Gruber JW, Siebert DJ, Der Marderosian AH, and Hock RS. Phytochemical Analysis 10(1):22–25 (1999).
  • Salvinorin A: A Potent Naturally Occurring Nonnitrogenous Kappa Opioid Selective Agonist.
    by Roth BL, Baner K, Westkaemper R, Siebert D, Rice KC, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, and Rothman RB.
    PNAS. 99(18): 11934–11939 (2002).
    Supporting information: table 3, table 4, table 5.
  • Salvinorin A, an Active Component of the Hallucinogenic Sage Salvia divinorum, is a Highly Efficacious
    Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist: Structural and Functional Considerations.
    by Chavkin C, Sud S, Jin W, Stewart J, Zjawiony JK, Siebert DJ, Toth BA, Hufeisen SJ, and Roth BL.
    The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 308(3): 1197–1203 (2004).
  • Comparison of Pharmacological Activities of Three Distinct Kappa-Ligands (Salvinorin A, TRK-820 and 3FLB)
    on opioid receptors in vitro and their antipruritic and antinociceptive activities in vivo.
    by Wang Y, Tang K, Inan S, Siebert DJ, Holzgrabe U, Lee DYW, Huang P, Li JG, Cowan A, and Liu-Chen LY.
    The Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics. 312(1): 220–230 (2005).
  • 2-Methoxymethyl-Salvinorin B is a Potent Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist with Longer-Lasting Action In Vivo than Salvinorin A.
    by Wang Y, Chen Y, Xu W, Lee DY, Ma Z, Rawls SM, Cowan A, Liu-Chen LY.
    The Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics. [Epub ahead of print December 18, 2007].
  • The Hallucinogenic Herb Salvia divinorum and Its Active Ingredient Salvinorin A Inhibit Enteric Cholinergic Transmission in the Guinea Pig Ileum.
    by Capasso R, Borrelli F, Capasso F, Siebert DJ, Stewart DJ, Zjawiony JK, Izzo AA.
    Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 18: 69–75 (2006).
  • The Hallucinogenic Herb Salvia divinorum and Its Active Ingredient Salvinorin A Reduce Inflammation-Induced Hypermotility in Mice.
    by Capasso R, Borrelli F, Zjawiony J, Kutrzeba L, Aviello G, Sarnelli G, Capasso F, Izzo AA.
    Neurogastroenterology and Motility. [Epub ahead of print Sep 4, 2007].
  • Antinociceptive and Hypothermic Effects of Salvinorin A are Abolished in a Novel Strain of KOR-1 KO Mice.
    by Ansonoff MA, Zhang J, Czyzyk T, Rothman RB, Stewart J, Xu H, Zjwiony J, Siebert DJ, Yang F, Roth BL, Pintar JE.
    The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 318(2): 641-648 (2006).
  • Daniel Siebert Speaks…
    Interviewed by Will Beifuss. The Entheogen Review. Vol. 8 No. 3, Autumn 1999.
  • The History of the First Salvia divinorum Plants Cultivated Outside of Mexico.
    by Daniel Siebert. The Entheogen Review. Vol. 12 No. 4, Winter 2003.
  • Salvinorin A: The ‘Magic Mint’ Hallucinogen Finds a Molecular Target in the Kappa Opioid Receptor.
    by Sheffler DJ and Roth BL. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. Vol.24 No.3 March 2003. 
  • Salvinorin A: A Novel and Highly Selective Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonist.
    by Yan F and Roth BL. Life Sciences. Vol.75 No.22 (2004). 
  • Salvinorin A: From Natural Product to Human Therapeutics.
    by Vortherms TA and Roth BL. Molecular Interventions. Vol.6 No.5 (2006). 
  • Differential Helical Orientations Among Related G Protein-Coupled Receptors Provide a Novel Mechanism for Selectivity:
    Studies with Salvinorin A and the Kappa-Opioid Receptor.
    by Vortherms TA, Mosier PD, Westkaemper RB, Roth BL.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry.     282(5): 3146–3156 (2007).
  • Acute Physiologic and Chronic Histologic Changes in Rats and Mice Exposed to the Unique Hallucinogen Salvinorin A.
    by Mowry M, Mosher M, Briner W. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 35(3): 379–382 (2003).
  • The Plant-Derived Hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, Produces Kappa-Opioid Agonist-like Discriminative Effects in Rhesus Monkeys.
    by Butelman E, Harris T, and Kreek MJ. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 172(2): 220–224 (2004).
  • Effects of Salvinorin A, a Kappa-Opioid Hallucinogen, on a Neuroendocrine Biomarker Assay
    in Nonhuman Primates With High Kappa-Receptor Homology to Humans.
    by Butelman ER, Mandau M, Tidgewell K, Prisinzano TE, Yuferov V, Kreek MJ.
    Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.     320(1): 300–306 (2007).
  • A New Species of Salvia from Mexico.
    by Carl Epling and Carlos D. Játiva–M. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University (1962).
  • A New Mexican Psychotropic Drug From the Mint Family.
    by R. Gordon Wasson. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University (1962).
  • Notes on the Present Status of Ololiuhqui and the Other Hallucinogens of Mexico.
    by R. Gordon Wasson. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University (1963).
  • A Mazatec girl preparing Salvia divinorum leaves on a metate.
    Photo taken in 1962 by R. Gordon Wasson.
  • In Search of the Magic Plant "Ska Maria Pastora" in the Mazatec Country.
    by Albert Hofmann. From: LSD: My Problem Child (1979).
  • Salvinorin, A New trans-Neoclerodane Diterpene from Salvia divinorum (Labiatae).
    by Ortega A, Blount JF, Manchand PS. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkins Transactions I (1982).
  • Ethnopharmacology of Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Játiva-M.).
    by L.J. Valdés J III, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (1983).
  • Etnofarmacologia di Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Játiva-M.) An Italian translation of the above.
  • Divinorin A, a Psychotropic Terpenoid, and Divinorin B from the Hallucinogenic Mexican Mint, Salvia divinorum.
    by L.J. Valdés III, et al. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1984).
  • Loliolide from Salvia divinorum.
    by L.J. Valdés III. Journal of Natural Products (1986).
  • Studies of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae), an Hallucinogenic Mint from the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Central Mexico.
    by L.J. Valdés III, et al. Economic Botany (1987).
  • Salvia divinorum and the Unique Diterpene Hallucinogen, Salvinorin (Divinorin) A.
    by L.J. Valdés III. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (1994).
  • "Divinorin C," a New Neoclerodane Diterpene from a Bioactive TLC Fraction of Salvia divinorum.
    Lab notes from the desk of L. J. Valdés III. The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center (2000).
  • Salvinorin C, a New Neoclerodane Diterpene from a Bioactive Fraction of the Hallucinogenic Mexican Mint Salvia divinorum.
    by L.J. Valdés III, et al. Organic Letters (2001).
  • The Early History of Salvia divinorum.
    by L. J. Valdés III. The Entheogen Review (2001) X(2): [73-75]
  • Some photos of Salvia divinorum from the Sierra Mazateca. by L.J. Valdés III
  • The Absolute Stereochemistry of Salvinorins.
    by Koreeda, M., et al. Chemistry Letters (1990).
  • Kappa-Opioid Receptor-Mediated Effects of the Plant-Derived Hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, on Inverted Screen Performance in the Mouse.
    by Fantegrossi WE, Kugle KM, Valdιs LJ III, Koreeda M, Woods JH.
    Behavioural pharmacology. 16(8): 627-633 (2005).
  • Salvinorins D-F, New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from Salvia divinorum, and an Improved Method for the Isolation of Salvinorin A.
    And supporting information. by Munro TA, Rizzacasa MA.
    Journal of Natural Products. 66(5): 703-705 (2003).
  • Divinatorins A-C, New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from the Controlled Sage Salvia divinorum. And supporting information.
    by Bigham AK, Munro TA, Rizzacasa MA, Robins-Browne RM.
    Journal of Natural Products. 66(9): 1242-1244 (2003).
  • Studies Toward the Pharmacophore of Salvinorin A, a Potent Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist.
    And supporting information.by Munro T, Rizzacasa M, Roth BL, Toth B, Yan F
    Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48(2): 345–348 (2005).
  • Autoxidation of Salvinorin A under Basic Conditions.
    And supporting information.by Munro T, Goetchius G, Roth BL, Vortherms T, Rizzacasa M.
    Journal of Organic Chemistry. 70(24): 10057-10061 (2005).
  • 8-epi-Salvinorin B: Crystal Structure and Affinity at the Kappa Opioid Receptor.
    by Munro TA, Duncan KK, Staples RJ, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Beguin C, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BM.
    Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Epub ahead of print (2007).
  • The Chemistry of Salvia divinorum.
    by Thomas Munro. PhD dissertation.
  • Standard Protecting Groups Create Potent and Selective Kappa Opioids: Salvinorin B Alkoxymethyl Ethers
    by Munro TA, Duncan KK, Xu W, Wang Y, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BM, Beguin C.
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. [Epub ahead of print October 24, 2007].
  • Antidepressant Effects of the Herb Salvia divinorum: a Case Report.
    by Karl R. Hanes, PhD. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2001).
  • Salvia divinorum: Clinical and Research Potential.
    by Hanes KR. MAPS Bulletin 13(1): 18–20 (2003).
  • Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A: An Update on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology.
    by Grundmann O, Phipps SM, Zadezensky I, Butterweck V.
    Planta Medica 73(10): 1039–1046 (2007).
  • Use of Nonprohibited Hallucinogenic Plants: Increasing Relevance for Public Health?
    A case report and literature review on the consumption of Salvia divinorum (Diviner's Sage).
    by Bόcheler R, Gleiter CH, Schwoerer P, and Gaertner I.
    Pharmacopsychiatry. 38(1): 1–5 (2005).
  • A Facile Method for the Preparation of Deuterium Labeled Salvinorin A: Synthesis of [2,2,2-2H3]-Salvinorin A
    by Kevin Tidgewell, Wayne W. Harding, Mark Schmidt, Kenneth G. Holden, Daryl J. Murry, and Thomas E. Prisinzano.
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 14(20): 5099-5102 (2004).
  • Salvinicins A and B, New Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum.
    by Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Schmidt M, Shah K, Dersch CM, Snyder J, Parrish D, Deschamps JR, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.
    Organic Letters. 7(14): 3017–3020 (2005).
  • Neoclerodane Diterpenes as a Novel Scaffold for Mu Opioid Receptor Ligands.
    by Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Byrd N, Cobb H, Dersch CM, Butelman ER, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.
    Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48(15): 4765–4771 (2005).
  • An Opioid Agonist That Does Not Induce Mu-Opioid Receptor–Arrestin Interactions or Receptor Internalization.
    by Groer CE, Tidgewell K, Moyer RA, Harding WW, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE, Bohn LM.
    Molecular Pharmacology. 71(2): 549–557 (2007).
  • Salvinorin A: Allosteric Interactions at the Mu-Opioid Receptor.
    by Rothman RB, Murphy DL, Xu H, Godin JA, Dersch CM, Partilla JS, Tidgewell K, Schmidt M, Prisinzano TE.
    Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 320(2): 801–810 (2007).
  • Determination of Salvinorin A in Body Fluids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization.
    by Schmidt MS, Prisinzano TE, Tidgewell K, Harding W, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ, and Murry DJ.
    Journal of Chromatography. B. 818(2): 221–225 (2005).
  • Pharmacokinetics of the Plant-Derived Kappa-Opioid Hallucinogen Salvinorin A in Nonhuman Primates.
    by Schmidt MD, Schmidt MS, Butelman ER, Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Murry DJ, Kreek MJ, Prisinzano TE.
    Synapse. 58(3): 208–210 (2005).
  • Psychopharmacology of the Hallucinogenic Sage Salvia divinorum.
    by Prisinzano TE.
    Life Sciences. 78(5): 527-531 (2005).
  • Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Semisynthesis of Salvinicins A and B
    and Other Chemical Transformations of Salvinorin A.
    by Harding WW, Schmidt M, Tidgewell K, Kannan P, Holden KG, Gilmour B, Navarro H, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.
    Journal of Natural Products. 69(1): 107–112 (2006).
  • Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Selective Modification of the Furan Ring.
    by Harding WW, Schmidt M, Tidgewell K, Kannan P, Holden KG, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.
    Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 16(12): 3170–3174.
  • Synthesis of Salvinorin A Analogues as Opioid Receptor Probes.
    by Tidgewell K, Harding WW, Lozama A, Cobb H, Shah K, Kannan P, Dersch CM, Parrish D, Deschamps JR, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.
    Journal of Natural Products. 69(6): 914–918 (2006).
  • Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Preparation and Opioid Receptor Activity of Salvinicin Analogues.
    by Simpson DS, Katavic PL, Lozama A, Harding WW, Parrish D, Deschamps JR, Dersch CM, Partilla JS, Rothman RB, Navarro H, Prisinzano TE.
    Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. [ePublished ahead of print Jun 20, 2007].
  • Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Exploration of the 1-Position.
    by Holden KG, Tidgewell K, Marquam A, Rothman RB, Navarro H, Prisinzano TE.
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. . 17(22): 6111–6115 (2008).
  • Neo-clerodane Diterpenes from the Hallucinogenic Sage Salvia divinorum.
    And errata. by Shirota O, Nagamatsu K, Sekita S.
    Journal of Natural Products. 69(12): 1782–1786. (2006).
  • Asymmetric Synthesis of Salvinorin A, a Potent Kaapa Opioid Receptor Agonist.
    by Scheerer JR, Lawrence JF, Wang GC, Evans DA.
    Supporting information here (4 MB file).
    Journal of the American Chemical Society. [ePublished ahead of print June 30, 2007].
  • Total Synthesis of the Hallucinogenic Neoclerodane Diterpenoid Salvinorin A.
    by Nozawa M, Suka Y, Hoshi T, Suzuki T, Hagiwara H.
    Organic Letters. [ePublished ahead of print March 1, 2008].
  • Quantification of the Plant-Derived Hallucinogen Salvinorin A in Conventional and Non-Conventional Biological Fluids
    by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after Salvia divinorum smoking.
    by Pichini S, Abanades S, Farre M, Pellegrini M, Marchei E, Pacifici R, Torre RD, and Zuccaro P.
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 19(12): 1649–1656 (2005).
  • Synthesis and In Vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Salvinorin A Analogues Modified at C(2).
    by Beguin C, Richards MR, Wang Y, Chen Y, Liu-Chen LY, Ma Z, Lee DY, Carlezon WA Jr, and Cohen BM.
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15(11): 2761–2765 (2005).
  • Synthesis and In Vitro Pharmacological Studies of New C(2) Modified Salvinorin A Analogues.
    by Lee DY, Karnati VV, He M, Liu-Chen LY, Kondareti L, Ma Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Beguin C, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen B.
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15(16): 3744–3747 (2005).
  • Synthesis and In Vitro Pharmacological Studies of C(4) Modified Salvinorin A Analogues.
    by Lee DY, He M, Kondaveti L, Liu-Chen LY, Ma Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li JG, Beguin C, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen B.
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. Jul 25, 2005 [Epub ahead of print].
  • New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids Isolated From the Leaves of Salvia divinorum and Their Binding Affinities for Human Kappa Opioid Receptors.
    by Lee DY, Ma Z, Liu-Chen LY, Wang Y, Chen Y, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen B.
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. Aug 3, 2005 [Epub ahead of print].
  • Synthesis and In Vitro Pharmacological Studies of New C(4)-Modified Salvinorin A Analogues.
    by Lee DY, He M, Liu-Chen LY, Wang Y, Li JG, Xu W, Ma Z, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen B
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 16(21): 5498–5502 (2006).
  • Depressive-like Effects of the Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonist Salvinorin A on Behavior and Neurochemistry in Rats.
    by Carlezon Jr WA, Beguin C, Dinieri JA, Baumann MH, Richards MR, Todtenkopf MS, Rothman RB, Ma Z, Lee DY, Cohen BM.
    Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 316(1): 440–447 (2006).
  • Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Salvinorin A Analogues: Effect of Configuration at C(2) and Substitution at C(18).
    by Beguin C, Richards MR, Li JG, Wang Y, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BM.
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 16(17): 4679–4685 (2006).
  • Revised Structure of Deacetyl-1,10-didehydrosalvinorin G.
    by Ma Z, Lee DY.
    Tetrahedron Letters. 48(31): 5461–5464 (2007).
  • N-Methylacetamide Analogue of Salvinorin A: A Highly Potent and Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist with Oral Efficacy.
    by Beguin C, Potter DN, Dinieri JA, Munro TA, Richards MR, Paine TA, Berry L, Zhao Z, Roth BL, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon Jr WA, Cohen BM.
    The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 324(1): 188–195 (2008).
  • Exposure to the Selective Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonist Salvinorin A Modulates the Behavioral and Molecular Effects of Cocaine in Rats.
    by Chartoff EH, Potter D, Damez-Werno D, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA Jr
    Neuropsychopharmacology. [Epub ahead of print Jan 9, 2008].
  • Identification of the Molecular Mechanisms by Which the Diterpenoid Salvinorin A Binds to Kappa-Opioid Receptors.
    by Yan F, Mosier PD, Westkaemper RB, Stewart J, Zjawiony JK, Vortherms TA, Sheffler DJ, Roth BL.
    Biochemistry. 44(24): 8643–8651 (2005).
  • Unambiguous NMR Spectral Assignments of Salvinorin A.
    by Giner JL, Kiemle DJ, Kutrzeba L, Zjawiony J.
    Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. 45(4): 351–354 (2007).
  • Biosynthesis of Salvinorin A Proceeds via The Deoxyxylulose Phosphate Pathway.
    by Kutrzeba L, Dayan FE, Howell J, Feng J, Giner JL, Zjawiony JK.
    Phytochemistry. 68(14): 1872–1881 (2007).
  • Convenient synthesis and in vitro pharmacological activity of 2-thioanalogs of salvinorins A and B.
    by Bikbulatov RV, Yan F, Roth BL, Zjawiony JK.
    Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 17(8): 2229–2232 (2007).
  • Short Synthesis of a Novel Class of Salvinorin A Analogs with Hemiacetalic Structure.
    by Bikbulatov RV, Stewart J, Jin W, Yan F, Roth BL, Ferreira D, Zjawiony JK.
    Tetrahedron Letters. 49: 937–940 (2008).
  • Studies Towards the Synthesis of Salvinorin A.
    by Lingham AR, Hόgel HM, Rook TJ.
    Australian Journal of Chemistry. 59(5): 340–348 (2006).
  • Determination of Salvinorins and Divinatorins in Salvia divinorum Leaves by Liquid Chromatography/Multistage Mass Spectrometry.
    by Medana C, Massolino C, Pazzi M, Baiocchi C.
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 20(2): 131–136 (2005).
  • Analysis of the Psychoactive Terpenoid Salvinorin A Content in Five Salvia divinorum Herbal Products..
    by Wolowich WR, Perkins AM, Cienki JJ.
    Pharmacotherapy. 26(9): 1268–1272(2006).
  • The Antinociceptive Effect of Salvinorin A in Mice.
    by Trentini, John F., Larry G. French, and Joseph S. Erlichman.
    European Journal of Pharmacology. 545 (2–3): 129–133 (2006).
  • Antinociceptive Profile of Salvinorin A, a Structurally Unique Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist.
    by McCurdy CR, Sufka KJ, Smith GH, Warnick JE, Nieto MJ.
    Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. [Epub ahead of print Jan 20, 2006].
  • A Unique Binding Epitope for Salvinorin A, a Non-Nitrogenous Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist.
    by Kane BE, Nieto MJ, McCurdy CR, Ferguson DM.
    FEBS Journal. 273(9): 1966–1974 (2006).
  • Toward a Structure-Based Model of Salvinorin A Recognition of the Kappa-Opioid Receptor.
    by Kane BE, McCurdy CR, Ferguson DM.
    Journal of Medicinal Chemestry. [ePublished ahead of print Feb 23, 2008].
  • A Combined Ligand-Based and Target-Based Drug Design Approach for G-Protein Coupled Receptors:
    Application to Salvinorin A, a Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist.
    by Singh N, Chevé G, Ferguson DM, McCurdy CR.
    Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design. 20(7–8): 471–493 (2006).
  • The Hallucinogen Derived from Salvia divinorum, Salvinorin A, has κ-Opioid Agonist Discriminative Stimulus Effects in Rats.
    by Willmore-Fordham CB, Krall DM, McCurdy CR, Kinder DH.
    Neuropharmacology. 53(4): 481–486 (2007).
  • Discriminative Stimulus Effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) in Rhesus Monkeys.
    by Li JX, Rice KC, France CP.
    Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. [Epub ahead of print Novevember 9, 2007].
  • Intramolecular Diels-Alder/Tsuji Allylation Assembly of the Functionalized Trans-Decalin of Salvinorin A.
    by Burns AC, Forsyth CJ.
    Organic Letters. 10(1): 97–100 (2008).
  • PCR and PCR-RFLP of the 5S-rRNA-NTS Region and Salvinorin A Analyses for the Rapid and Unequivocal Determination of Salvia divinorum.
    by Bertea CM, Luciano P, Bossi S, Leoni F, Baiocchi C, Medana C, Azzolin CM, Temporale G, Lombardozzi MA, Maffei ME.
    Phytochemistry. 67(4): 371–378 (2006).
  • Authentication and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)/MS Analysis of Magic Mint, Salvia divinorum and Its Related Plants.
    by Maruyama T, Kamakura H, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y.
    Yakugaku Zasshi. 128(1): 179–183 (2008).
  • Hallucinatory and Rewarding Effect of Salvinorin A in Zebrafish: Kappa-Opioid and CB1-Cannabinoid Receptor Involvement.
    by Braida D, Limonta V, Pegorini S, Zani A, Guerini-Rocco C, Gori E, Sala M.
    Psychopharmacology. 190(4): 441–448 (2007).
  • Involvement of Kappa-Opioid and Endocannabinoid System on Salvinorin A-Induced Reward.
    by Braida D, Limonta V, Capurro V, Fadda P, Rubino T, Mascia P, Zani A, Gori E, Fratta W, Parolaro D, Sala M.
    Biological Psychiatry. 63(3): 286–292 (2008).
  • Opioid Receptors and Legal Highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom.
    by Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW.
    Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, PA). 46(2): 146–152 (2008).
  • Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A.
    by Jonathan Ott. Curare. 18(1): 103-129 (1995).
  • Psychoactive Card IV. Salvia divinorum Epling et Játiva: Leaves of the Shepherdess.
    by Jonathan Ott. Eleusis, n. 4, pp. 31-39, 1996.
  • Scheda Psicoattiva IV. Salvia divinorum Epling et Játiva: Foglie della Pastora An Italian translation of the above.
  • Dose-Response Effects of Salvinorin A on Basal Dopamine Levels in the Caudate Putamen of C57BL/6J Mice.
    by Zhang Y, Butelman ER, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ.
  • Effects of the Plant-Derived Hallucinogen Salvinorin A on Basal Dopamine Levels in the Caudate Putamen
    and in a Conditioned Place Aversion Assay in Mice: Agonist Actions at Kappa Opioid Receptors.
    by Yong Zhang Y, Butelman ER, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ.
    Psychopharmacology (Berl). 179(3): 551–558 (2005).
  • Pharmacokinetics of the Potent Hallucinogen, Salvinorin A in Primates Parallels the Rapid Onset and Short Duration of Effects in Humans.
    by Hooker JM, Xu Y, Schiffer W, Shea C, Carter P, Fowler JS.
    Neuroimage. ePublished ahead of print March 15, 2008.
  • Effects of Acute and Repeated Administration of Salvinorin A on Dopamine Function in the Rat Dorsal Striatum.
    by Gehrke BJ, Chefer VI, Shippenberg TS.
    Psychopharmacology (Berl). [ePublished ahead of print Feb 2, 2008].
  • A Select Set of Opioid Ligands Induce Up-Regulation by Promoting the Maturation
    and Stability of the Rat Kappa Opioid Receptor in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells.
    by Wannemacher KM, Yadav PN, Howells RD.
    Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapies. [Epub ahead of print Aug 24, 2007].
  • Pharmacological Characterization of the Novel Kappa Opioid Agonist Salvinorin A in the Mouse
    This study demonstrates that salvinorin A is active in vivo at kappa opioid receptors.
  • The Rise of a New Psychoactive Agent: Salvia divinorum.
    by Appel J, Kim-Appel D.
    International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 5: 248–253 (2007).
  • Use of Salvia divinorum, an Unscheduled Hallucinogenic Plant: A Web-Based Survey of 500 Users.
    This survey characterized the reasons, methods, and reported consequences of Salvia divinorum use.
  • Pattern of Use and Subjective Effects of Salvia divinorum Among Recreational Users.
    by González D, Riba J, Bouso JC, Gómez-Jarabo G, Barbanoj MJ.
    Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 85(2): 157–162 (2006).
  • Salvia divinorum–Prësenz einer neuen Droge im Internet. [Salvia divinorum—Representation of a New Drug in the Internet.]
    [Abstract in English and German. Article in German only].
    by Siemann H, Specka M, Schifano F, Deluca P, Scherbaum N.
    Gesundheitswesen. 68(5): 323–327 (2006).
  • Internet Access to Salvia divinorum: Implications for Policy, Prevention, and Treatment.
    by Hoover V, Marlowe DB, Patapis NS, Festinger DS, Forman RF.
    Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. [Epub ahead of print Oct 9, 2007].
  • College student use of Salvia divinorum.
    by Lange JE, Reed MB, Croff JM, Clapp JD.
    Drug and Alcohol Dependence. [Epub ahead of print Dec 17, 2007].
  • Salvia divinorum Epling et Játiva-M. (Labiatae): An Ethnopharmacological Investigation.
    by Sherry A. Rovinsky. McNair Scholarly Review (1998).
  • Salvia divinorum: An Hallucinogenic Mint Which Might Become a New Recreational Drug in Switzerland.
    Giroud et al. Forensic Science International. 112(2–3): 143–150 (2000).
  • Salvinorin: The Psychedelic Essence of Salvia divinorum. An extraordinary book by D.M.Turner (1996).
  • The Mushrooms of Language by Henry Munn. This essay provides valuable insight into the Mazatec shamanic world.
  • NovaScreen® receptor selectivity report on salvinorin-A.
  • Sage Wisdom: Salvia divinorum Branches Out. by Robert Campbell. An article from TRP Magazine (1997).
  • Cultivating Diviner's Sage by Will Beifuss. An article from TRP Magazine (1997).
  • Under the Spell of the Magic Mint. by Christopher Ketcham. Published in GQ magazine. June, 2007.